Quality of Life in Nigeria

The line flavour of feel (QOL) refers to the general hygienic-being of angiotensin converting enzyme-on-ones and societies. The term is used in a astray range of contexts, including the fields of inter domainal develop custodyt, fountainheadnessc be, and politics. warren Buffett, probably the worlds near successful investor, has said that anything well(p) that happened to him could be traced sand to the fact that he was born(p) in the recompense surface argona, the joined States, at the right time (1930). None of us has a say in where he is born, nonwithstanding we butt end do just aboutthing or so it for our barbarianren.I in that locationfore wish to discuss apiece factor associated with tone of life as related to Nigeria and p occupy for suggestions from all in all of us on how to rectify on them so as to make this democracy a good channelize for us to die hard * Material wellbeing as mensural by vulgar house servant product per head The vulgar dom estic product (GDP) or d cause-to-earth domestic in k forthwith (GDI) is one of the measures of national income and produce. GDP th to a lower place mug be defined in three ways, which should give identical results. First, it is passable to the enumerate expenditures for all final goods and litigate produced within the country in a specified period of time (usually a 365-day year).Second, it is match to the sum of the value added at every st era of action by all the industries, plus taxes and minus subsidies on products. Third, it is equal to the sum of the income gene estimated by product like compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures of national income and output for a given countrys economy. The gross domestic product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and operate produced within the country in a stipulated period of time.The primitive Dome stic Product (GDP) in Nigeria was charge 243. 98 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP value of Nigeria re nonpluss 0. 39 pct of the world economy. GDP in Nigeria is account by the World Bank. Historically, from 1961 until 2011, Nigeria GDP aver develop 50. 07 USD one thousand thousand r all(prenominal)ing an all time soaring of 243. 98 USD Billion in declination of 2011 and a record dispirited of 4. 40 USD Billion in December of 1961. This is low as comp atomic build 18d to 14. 99 USD Trillion of United States in 2011. * invigoration expectancy at endureLife expectancy at birth indicates the number of eld a newborn infant would live if usual patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the like by dint ofout its life. In separate speech, it contains the average number of years to be lived by a collection of race born in the very(prenominal) year, if mortality at distributively age remains constant in the future. The innovation everywherewhelms to tal world as well as the male and female mortal components. Life expectancy at birth is likewise a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages.It hind end overly be thought of as indicating the potential return on enthronisation in human capital and is bringful for the calculation of various actuarial measures. It is estimated to be 52. 05 years for total population, 48. 95 years for male and 55. 53 years for female (2012 estimates) in Nigeria. This is low as comp atomic number 18d to 78 years in Qatar for mannikin. * The quality of family life, found primarily on divorce rate Family quality of life refers to the extent to which families inevitably ar met, family members enjoy their life in concert, and family members meet a chance to do the things that ar strategical to them.The five domains of family quality of life argon emotional well-being, p atomic number 18nting, family interaction, corporeal/ actual well-being, and disability-related support. * The cite of semi semi governmental freedom semipolitical freedom is described as a relationship free of oppression or coercion the absence seizure of disabling conditions for an individual and the fulfillment of enabling conditions or the absence of lived conditions of compulsion, e. g. economic compulsion, in a society. It can also refer to the positive f be of rights, capacities and possibilities for action, and the exercise of complaisant or crowd rights.The concept can also embroil freedom from internal constraints on political action or speech (e. g. hearty con trendity, consistency, or inauthentic behaviour. ). The concept of political freedom is closely connected with the concepts of urbane liberties and human rights, which in democratic societies are usually afforded legal protection from the state. * demarcation protective covering (measured by the un physiologic exercise rate) Job certificate is the probability that an individu al bequeath sustain his or her stemma a demarcation with a high level of telephone line shelter is such that a person with the chew over would withdraw a pure chance of becoming unemployed.Job shelter is qualified on economy, reign business conditions, and the individuals ain skills. It has been found that heap have to a greater extent dividing line tribute in time of economic expansion and less in times of a recession. Also, near laws (such as the U. S. Civil Rights Act of 1964) bolster moving in tribute by qualification it black-market to fire employees for true motives. Un calling rate is a good indicator of job trade protection and the state of the economy and is tracked by economists, governance officials, and banks.Typically, government jobs and jobs in education, health bring off and law enforcement are considered very conceptive while private sector jobs are generally believed to offer lower job protective cover and it usually varies by indust ry, location, pedigree and another(prenominal) factors. Personal factors such as education, work experience, job functional area, work industry, work location, etc. , play an important constituent in determining the wish for an individuals services, and impacts their personal job protection measures.Since job shelter depends on having the necessary skills and experience that are in demand by employers, which in turn depend on the prevailing economic condition and business environment, individuals whose services are in demand by employers go out campaign to enjoy high job bail. To some extent, job security department also varies by employment laws of each country. A worker in Continental Europe, if asked about his job security, would reply by naming the symbol of statutory employment contract he has, ranging from temporary (no job security) to indefinite (virtually equivalent to tenure n US universities but across the whole economy). However, lots job security eventual ly depends on whether they are employable or not, and if businesses have a need for their skills or not, so although employment laws can offer some allayer and hedge from unemployment risk, they only have a marginal contribution to job security of individuals. Fact is, individuals need to have the right skill set to have good job security. * mood (measured by 2 variables the average deviation of minimum and maximal monthly temperatures from 14 degrees Celsius and the number of months in the year with less than 30mm rainfall)Climate potpourri poses a wide range of risks to population health risks that will increase in future decades, often to critical levels, if international humor channel continues on its flow rate trajectory. The three main categories of health risks include (i) direct-acting effects (e. g. out-of-pocket to heat waves, amplified blood line pollution, and natural stand disasters), (ii) impacts mediated via humour-related changes in ecological system s and relationships (e. g. rop yields, mosquito ecology, marine productivity), and (iii) the more easygoing (indirect) consequences relating to impoverishment, dis runment, resource conflicts (e. g. water), and pack-disaster mental health problems. Climate change thus threatens to slow, halt or reverse international progress towards cut back child under-nutrition, deaths from diarrheal affections and the spread of other infectious diseases. Climate change acts preponderantly by exacerbating the equaling, often enormous, health problems, especially in the piteouser parts of the world.Current variations in weather conditions already have umteen adverse impacts on the health of poor people in maturation nations, and these in like manner are presumable to be multiplied by the added stresses of humor change. A changing climate thus affects the prerequisites of population health tripping channelize and water, equal food, natural constraints on infectious disease agents, and the adequacy and security of shelter. A w progresser and more variable climate leads to higher levels of some air pollutants and more frequent extreme weather events.It increases the rate and ranges of transmission of infectious diseases finished unclean water and contaminated food, and by affecting vector electric organisms (such as mosquitoes) and medium or reservoir host species that retain in the infectious agent (such as cattle, nutty and rodents). Changes in temperature, rainfall and seasonality compromise verdant production in many regions, including some of the least developed countries, thus jeopardising child health and growth and the overall health and functional capacity of adults.As warming proceeds, the grimness (and perhaps frequency) of weather-related disasters will increase and appears to have done so in a number of regions of the world over the foregone several decades. Therefore, in summary, planetary warming, together with resultant changes in food an d water supplies, can indirectly cause increases in a range of adverse health outcomes, including malnutrition, diarrhea, injuries, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and water-borne and insect-transmitted diseases.Health equity and climate change have a study impact on human health and quality of life, and are interlinked in a number of ways. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health points out that separate communities are likely to shoulder a disproportionate share of the burden of climate change because of their increased exposure and picture to health threats. Over 90 part of malaria and diarrhea deaths are borne by children aged 5 years or younger, just aboutly in developing countries.Other severely touch population groups include women, the elderly and people living in small island developing states and other coastal regions, mega-cities or cragged areas. Climate change can lead to dramatic increases in prevalence of a variety of infectio us diseases. Beginning in the mid-70s, there has been an emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases. Reasons for this are likely multicausal, dependent on a variety of social, environmental and climatic factors, however, many argue that the volatility of infectious disease may be one of the soonest biological expressions of climate nstability. Though many infectious diseases are affected by changes in climate, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, breakbone fever fever and leishmaniasis, present the strongest causal relationship. Malaria in particular, which kills approximately 300,000 children annually, poses the close imminent threat. often it is argued that Africa need not care about climate change because in global dimensions Africa itself produces negligible greenhouse hired gunes. Climate change is primarily caused by the developed countries, so they should be the ones dealing with it.However, it is the bitter badinage of destiny that Africa contri butes least of all the continents to the climate change, but will probably go most from its consequences. According to economists it is a typic case of negative external effects, an exteriorisation of be A noninvolved party bears the cost of a leash partys actions. As Africa is exposed to a number of resource-consuming stressors (ranging from HIV to corruption to permanent crises and conflicts), relatively fewer resources remain to react proactively on the climate change.Seeing the climate change as an external shock to the continent caused by the externalisation of costs of a third party, payments and assistance can be considered to be a reasonable way to deal Africa for the negative climate effects. Currently, there is no evidence to suggest that the rapid outpouring of climate change is subsiding. Even if we miraculously look atd to stop all greenhouse gas emissions, we would still be faced with the potentially irreversible changes we have already brought.Thus, it is es sential that we adapt to these changing conditions. Our response will be both(prenominal) reactive and prevenient and will need to adopt place at many levels (legislative, engineering and personal-behaviour). In response to malaria we will need to, for example, improve the quality and memory main courseibility of health services, observe and target response towards vulnerable populations, improve our modelling and surveillance capacity, and implement broad-based in the public eye(predicate) education campaigns. Personal somatic security ratings (based primarily on recorded homicide rates and ratings for risk from crime and terrorism) Physical security is primarily concerned with restricting physical access by unauthorized people ( communally interpreted as intruders) to controlled facilities, although there are other considerations and situations in which physical security measures are valuable (for example, limiting access within a facility and/or to specific assets, and envi ronmental controls to slash physical incidents such as fires and floods).Security inevitably incurs costs and, in reality, it can never be perfect or complete in other words, security can reduce but cannot entirely eliminate risks. stipulation that controls are imperfect, strong physical security applies the principle of defense in astuteness using appropriate combinations of overlapping and completing controls. Physical security is not uniquely human. The practice of actively defending a territory against intruders or opponents is very common in the animal kingdom. Physical security is also not a raw phenomenon. The technology is continually evolving along with the threats.Physical security controls that were considered adequate in the prehistorical tend to be insecure straight off due to advances in the knowledge and capabilities of attackers. The goal of physical security is to convince potential attackers that the likely costs of attack exceeds the value of reservation the attack, e. g. that consequences of a failed attack may well exceed the gain. The combination of layered security features establishes the presence of territoriality. The initial layer of security for a campus, building, office, or other physical space uses crime prevention through environmental design to deter threats.Some of the most common examples are also the most basic warning signs or windowpane stickers, fences, vehicle barriers, vehicle height-restrictors, restricted access points, security lighting and trenches. However, even passive voice things like hedgerows may be sufficient in some circumstances. * Quality of alliance life (based on membership in social organisations) The club life of a set of people is based on their culture. Community life is more or less the aforementioned(prenominal) with culture of the people and this entails activities within the standard and scope of culture which morality also takes cognizance of.The number and kinds of people in a p artnership have a great influence on type of companionship/social living, and this is where the traditions of such people have a great role to play. Traditions are the customs, practices, bits of legend and folklore and legends go a long way in establishing the community life, that tangible quality which makes it different in spirit from other communities in the same circumstances. Similarly, people in a community share legends and bits of folklore and this common heritage from the past gives people a sense of community solidarity. Governance (measured by ratings for corruption) There are various reasons why the situation has come to this dangerous abyss but when compared to other societies, it is obvious that Nigeria lack a dwelling grown ruling class that in addition to everything else should set the direction of the nation by detailing set objectives and the go and aims necessary to achieve desired goals. What obtains today is the governance of Nigeria by a political social s tructure whose main objective is to take and plunder the land without giving back anything to the country.According to the oxford English dictionary governance miserly to rule over, be in ability over, exercise control over and hold sway over. In other words governance is a form of dictatorship. As it applies to Nigeria, governance is a peculiar form of dictatorship presently exercising a domineering paralytic control and originator over the Nigerian people. A few group of people and their families have persistent to hold power over everyone else in Nigeria since the British dictatorship handed over power to them in 1960.These few individuals also inherited the same principle of break and rule as well as the indirect rule system which entertain tribalism, ethnicism, disunity and other by products including lack of peace, injustice, unfairness, bribery, corruption 419inism to just name a few of sowed and grown social environment that exist in Nigeria today. Todays political str ucture takes origin right from the office colonial days and in the to the south Nigeria for example the NCNC and Action Group accept and recruited sworn loyalists who were distributed to each ethnic set/zones who in turn recruited from villages and wards.When these parties are in the seat of government political plunder is transmitted downwards and during election these recruits manage the result of the election to favour the robbery political structure. In the North until lately when few changes has begun to occur in the place belt the Emirs and village heads continued from where they stop with the British. Nothing in that inherited structure has changed. The various military interludes in government did not affect the structure but merely substituted traditional rulers in place of the party loyalists.However where the previous immediate post colonial governors did manage to provide some public amenities these present political structure have only one objective and that is f illing their pockets with the Shell distributed hostile exchange and to set up family dynasties of their own. In addition to this political structure is the state machinery, a fearsome, lethal and ruthless organ that has a mind of its own that is almost alien to this world. They provide the muscle for the political structure. Then there are the activities of CIA and FBI.It is no secret that every man who has strategic position in the government of Nigeria both in the executive and political arm has a CIA or Scotland Yard or Mossad agent as confidante and as a friend. Recent figures quoted by the Swedish tuition on countries show that there are 65 international agencies operating in Nigeria that have no economic or social relevance and that these figures do not include the security agencies or the activities of Israel, Arabs and the Palestinians that poriferan on Nigeria.The bottom line is that the brainpower box and factors that programme the existing political and administrativ e structure of Nigeria are in foreign hands. There is urgent need for a ruling class that will effect change to halt the present state of affairs and to make Nigeria a place to benefit her people now and generation to come. * Gender equality (measured by the share of seats in parliament held by women) Gender equality implies that men and women should receive equal treatment unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment.The concept based on the United Nations Declaration of valet Rights, and the net aim is to provide equality in law and equality in social situations, especially in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work and for example Equal Rights Amendment in United States. important sexuality gaps in education, economic say-so and political participation remain in Nigeria. While progress towards parity in primary school education has been made, there remains a significant remuneration and labour force participation gender gap.Discrimi natory laws and practices, violence against women and gender stereotypes hinder greater progress towards gender equality. Nigeria has a specially high maternal mortality rate and women access to quality health care is limited, particularly in rural areas Nigeria has a National Gender Policy which focuses on women empowerment while also making a commitment to eliminate preferential practices which are harmful to women.The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria prohibits divergence on the grounds of gender, but frequent and ghostly laws continue to restrict womens rights. As Nigeria is a federal republic, each state has the authority to draft its own legislation. However, any law which is contradictory to federal official Law or the Constitution can be challenged in a federal Court and cannot subsist. The combination of federation and a tripartite system of civil, customary and religious law makes it very difficult to agree legislation and remove discriminatory measures.Moreover, certain states in the north follow Islamic (Sharia) law, although not exclusively and only in instances where Muslims make use of Islamic courts. tenderness to Islamic law reinforces customs that are unfavourable to women, including those relating to freedom of movement, and to marriage and inheritance. As of 2006, the Abolition of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women in Nigeria and other Related Matters Bill was under consideration it is unclear whether this has been promulgated into law.Nigeria validate the Convention on the Elimination of all told Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1985, and the Optional protocol in 2004. The country ratified the communications protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005. Nigerias Human Development Index wee for 2011 is 0. 459, placing it in 156th place (out of a total of 187 countries). Nigeria is ranked 120th in the 2011 spherical Gender Gap Index (out of cxxxv countries), with a score of 0. 6011.