Why Everybody Is Talking About Free Term Papers and Essays...The Simple Truth Revealed

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Nike Swot Analysis - 3115 Words

. Case Profile Nike started out just as plan developed in order to satisfy course work at Stanford University. Mr. Phil Knight a graduate student at Stanford University and a long-distance runner decided that he would make low cost running shoes in Japan and then sell them in the US. Knight solicited the assistance of a past coach Bill Bowerman to assist him in his business venture and in 1964 they started Blue Ribbon Sports. Knight called his first shoe Tiger and began distribution at track meets. Blue Ribbon in 1971 earned it s swoosh and Knight introduced the first Nike brand line. In 1978 the Blue Ribbon became Nike and each year their profits grew steadily. Due to Nikes concentration in casual shoes in the 1980†¦show more content†¦Furthermore the fluctuation of foreign currency and interest rates, as well as a sluggish US economy may also have negative effects on the industry. o Technological As the nature of science and technology change new advances are being made, but because of the industries competitive nature each company makes their own advances, and then copyrights them. The industry has come very far by studying the fashion, leisure, fitness and sport consumers. o Global Sluggish international economies especially in countries where manufacturing occurs may decrease in international profits. In addition with the initiation of war on a global level, as well as terrorist alerts, people are generally spending less in an effort to prepare for whatever comes to pass. B. SWOT Analysis Strengths: o Brand name recognition, because Nike has been around so long, the brand is recognized and respected both internationally and domestically. o Brand loyalty, Nike has consistently produced quality products that appeal to its consumers both internationally and domestically. o Nike carries a wide arrangement of products with a large amount of options for personal preference. o Strong international presence, in the event that U.S. sales continue to slack off or the economy continues to worsen, they have their international investments thatShow MoreRelatedNike Swot Analysis1214 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT analysis: Nike Introduction Like most companies, Nike has corporate strengths and weaknesses. However, in the 50 years that Nike has been in business, it has weathered most challenges. From its maverick days as an upstart sports shoe brand being sold out of the back of the trunk of its owners’ cars at track meets, through the 80s and 90s when it lavished multi-million dollar endorsement deals on sports icons. Following is a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis ofRead MoreNike Swot Analysis1193 Words   |  5 PagesNike.inc SWOT analysis Strengths: y y y y y y y y y y y y y Nike is a globally recognized for being the number one sportswear brand in the World. Nike being a competitive organization has a healthy aver sion towards its competitors i.e. during Atlanta Olympics, Reebok expensed on sponsoring the games; Nike however sponsored the top athletes and due to this step, it gained valuable coverage. Nike has no factories; rather it uses contract factories to get theRead MoreNike Swot Analysis1382 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis Nike Strengths. Very good Leadership is one of Nike’s strengths. Nike is a very competitive organization. Founder and Owner, Phil Knight is often quoted as saying that â€Å"Business is war without bullets.† Nike has a healthy dislike of its competitors such as Reebok and Addidas. This competition in the market results in the company to strive to have to best products and on the market. Nike sponsors the top athletes and gains valuable coverage through the media. Nike has no factoriesRead MoreNike Swot Analysis4730 Words   |  19 PagesNike: Sweatshops and Business Ethics History What started with a handshake between two running geeks in Oregon in January 1964 are now the world s most competitive sports and Fitness Company. Bill Bowerman the legendary University of Oregon track field coach and Phil Knights a University of Oregon runner under Bowerman coach, found the Nike Company, named by the Greek winged goddess of victory. First the company was named Blue Ribbon Sports. The Nike athletic machine began as a small distributingRead MoreSwot - so Analysis Nike1366 Words   |  6 PagesNike SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Strengths - Nike is one of the main shoemaker in the world. It designs and sells shoes for a big variety of sports including basketball, baseball, golf, soccer, volleyball, tennis, football and running. - Nike is strong at research and development, as is evidenced by its evolving and innovative product range. Its products go through a rigorous quality control before they go to market. Despite the cost to keep a high-levelRead MoreSwot Analysis : Nike s Shoes1339 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis: The altered shoes have different qualities, shortcomings, opportunities, and dangers available. One of its qualities is embedded in Nike s piece of the pie. Questionably, Nike is the main games attire and Footwear Company and the main brand over the globe. Hence, it can effectively advertise the tennis shoes in its current business sector. Nike too has a set up worldwide conveyance channel (chain), solid business sector methodology, a pioneer in innovation and configuration and itRead MoreSWOT Analysis Section here about the overall SWOT analysis and the benefits of doing one for a800 Words   |  4 PagesSWOT Analysis Section here about the overall SWOT analysis and the benefits of doing one for a company. Should introduce the topic to others†¦ especially group members so they know what the analysis does for us and why it is important. Such as, Strengths Strengths are characteristics of the company that give the business a competitive advantage over others. Nike has a strong international brand in which everyone recognizes it from their logo. The logo can be presented by itself without the nameRead MoreCore Competencies And Sustainable Competitive Advantage1296 Words   |  6 PagesCore Competencies and Sustainable Competitive Advantage In terms of core competency, Nike 1) provides high quality durable items to its customers. As a leader in fitness clothing and accessories, Nike strives to be on the edge of the market by providing innovative ideas that improve customer satisfaction. Recognizing the importance of eco-friendly business 3) Nike promotes recycling to its customers and utilize recycling in its own manufacture of products. Lastly, this organization 4) completesRead MoreThe Report On Nokia Mobile Phones1741 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage. SWOT Analysis Vs PEST Analysis and When to Use Them When planning a project it is important to learn about the internal and external factors that can affect the project. There are some excellent strategic planning methods that you can use analyze all these factors. SWOT analysis and PEST analysis are two of the most frequently used planning methods. Below is a brief introduction to both methods and a comparison of SWOT analysis vs PEST analysis. What is SWOT Analysis ? SWOT when brokenRead MoreNike/Adidas: Key factors that influence success of Nike and Adidas, Swot Analysis.2076 Words   |  9 PagesBrand awareness is one of the biggest assets that athletic shoe companies as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Fila can have. Brand awareness always brings a considerable advantage in getting consumers attention and making a good place in that shoe market. If a well established brand name effectively mentions the messages of quality and dependability. Thus consumers will automatically go to that brand relying on the image that has been created when they dont have time to shop around. Athletic shoe manufacturers

Le concept du luxe Essay Example For Students

Le concept du luxe Essay Outline1 PARTIE I: APPROCHE THEORIQUE2 Chapitre 1 Introduction de luxe3 1.1. Le concept du luxe4 1.2 Les caracteristique dun produit de luxe5 La qualite6 La rarete7 Le prix8 Le superflu9 Raconte une histoire10 1.3 Les trois cercles du luxe11 1.5 Etude de marche du secteur du luxe12 1.5.1 Le Chiffre daffaire depuis 200013 Beginning:14 1.5.2 Le marche mondial du luxe par secteur15 Beginning:16 1.5.3 le marche mondial du luxe par geographie17 1.5.4 Les principaux acteurs du luxe18 Classement des leaders mondiaux du luxe19 Chapitre 2 La marque de luxe et les strategies marketing20 2.1 La marque de luxe21 2.2 Identite de trade name22 2.2.1 La definition didentite de trade name23 2.2.2 le prisme didentite24 Le prisme didentite de la trade name25 Beginning:26 * La dimension build27  · La dimension personnalite28 * La dimension civilization29 * La dimension relation30 * La dimension reflet31 * La mentalisation32 2.2.3Exprimer boy identite de trade name33  · Nom de trade names34 * Logos35 2.3 Les paradoxes du luxe36 * Le paradoxe de la demande37 * Le paradoxe du produit38 * Le paradoxe du prix39 * Le paradoxe de la distribution40 * Le paradoxe de la communicating41 2.4 Les strategies Marketing de luxe42 2.4.1 Les descriptions generales diethylstilbestrols trois niveaux de luxe43 Luxe et strategies selling 44 2.4.2 Les strategies marketing de luxe accessibles45 Chapitre 3 La Chine46 3.1 Une croissance economique extremement rapide47 3.2 Le marche de luxe est en plein enlargement en chine48 3.3 la civilization chinoise, une civilization differente diethylstilbestrols occidentaux49 Une civilization collective50 Les preoccupations de face51 3.4Les impacts des civilizations chinoises sur leurs comportements dachat52 1.4 Concentration Sur diethylstilbestrols parfums et cosmetiques de luxe en Chine PARTIE I: APPROCHE THEORIQUE Chapitre 1 Introduction de luxe 1.1. Le concept du luxe Quest-ce que lupus erythematosus luxe? Le mot LUXE provient du Latin  « luxus  » qui veut dire somptuosite inordinate et ostentatoire. Il signifie, selon lupus erythematosus petit Larousse:  «somptuosite inordinate, faste, richesse » . Cette impression a connu plusieurs changements des le 17e Siecle, et a laube du 21e Siecle, le luxe nest plus necessairement somptueux, ni meme reserve a certains privilegies, selon Michel GODET, dans son ouvrage  «le luxe dans tous Ses etats » . Le luxe Se banalise et se demode de plus en plus vite, par resonance gold passe . Le mot luxe defini par Le PETIT ROBERT est  «un manner de vie caracterise par de grandes depenses consacrees a lacquisition de biens superflus, par urarthritis de lostentation et du plus expansive bien-etre. » En realite , Illinois est difficile de lui donner une definition alone et precise. Beaucoup de professionnels du luxe, economistes, chercheurs, sociologues, les clients du luxe, essaient de lui donner une definition precise, mais pour linstant forty-nine reste un construct subjectif. Comme laffirme Jean-Noel Kapferer dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige » nut ecrivant que lupus erythematosus construct de luxe nest pas une categorie dans labsolue, mais un ensemble relatif qui ne peut etre dissocie de la construction politique et sociale du siecle auquel Illinois appartient . Si on demande a la population Ce que luxe signifie selon eux, les reponses seront tres differents, parce qua chacun boy luxe ! Dailleurs, les frontieres du luxe Se deplacent avec les conditions de vie, les categories et les civilizations, presentees dans la talk de Jean Philippe Antoine. Michel GODET,  «le luxe dans tous Ses etats » , le luxe se definit dabord comme un manner de vie generalement associe a des depenses importantes pour lacquisition de biens superflus. Donc le luxe est tout dabord se traduit par un role sociologique: un manner de vie. Le mot superflu signifie Satisfaire des besoins dont on na pas besoin , et que celui curie nest pas indispensable et quil nest pas un besoin ordinaire de la vie. 1.2 Les caracteristique dun produit de luxe Malgre les nombreuses definitions proposees par differentes personnes telles que diethylstilbestrols professionnels du luxe, economistes, chercheurs, sociologues, lupus erythematosuss consommateurs, le luxe se caracterise toujours par les 5 criteresdefinis ci-dessous: La qualite Lindustrie du luxe est basee Sur une qualite superieure diethylstilbestrols Ces produits ou de Ces services. La meilleure qualite est La principale caracteristique du luxe. Pour devenir un luxe, forty-nine doit Y avoir diethylstilbestrols differences nettes par resonance aux produits de la consommation de masse. Parmi les composantes dun objet de luxe, on trouve toujours une veritable superiorite technique qualitative ou technologique . Par exemple, chez Rolls-Royce, chaque partie de leurs vehicules sont uniquement fabriquees a La chief, donc les voitures de la production industrielle ne peuvent pas remplacer sa place unique. Rolls-Royce se distingue donc par SA qualite superieure et cette caracteristique lupus erythematosus demarquant clairement diethylstilbestrols autres trade names. La haute couture de luxe se distingue particulierement par leur design, la texture de haute qualite . Le luxe est present aussi dans le secteur diethylstilbestrols services. Par exemple, dans un lhotel de luxe dont lupus erythematosus service est de haute qualite proposant un tres expansive confort et plaisir. Donc latout et la principale caracteristiques de luxe du luxe est forcement superieur aux les produits ordinaires. La rarete Selon Vincent Bastien, la rarete est centrale dans lidentite du luxe. La Rarete est un caractere tres essentiel pour lupus erythematosus luxe Ce qui lupus erythematosus distingue des produits de masse. Le PDG de cartier international, Bernard Fornas, a dot que  « Je Department of the Interior gerer la desirabilite de cette maison, forty-nine faut maintenir lupus erythematosus ratio entre disponibilite et rarete » . Vincent Bastien distingue deux grands types de rarete dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige » : un cote La rarete build qui comprend les ingredients, lupus erythematosuss processus de production comme par exemple dans la haute couture ou les wonts sont fabriques a La chief par un expansive couturier et donc chaque piece est alone dans le monde. Dun autre cote Illinois y a une rarete virtuelle ou feeling de rarete , signifiee, creee et entretenue par la communicating elle-meme. Si un produit de luxe perd de sa rarete , si un jour on lupus erythematosus trouve dans nimporte quel magasin, et tout lupus erythematosus monde peut donc posseder Ce produit, alors il ne sera pas classe et reconnu comme un produit de luxe, mais un produit de grande consommation. Cest pourquoi lupus erythematosuss entreprise de luxe fount diethylstilbestrols attempts pour preserver la rarete de son produit: Cartier a reduit lupus erythematosus nombre de references dans sa ligne,  « Must » , diminue le nombre de ses points de vente en particulier chez lupus erythematosuss operateurs  « Duty Free  » , et lance un departement  « Private Collection  » pour lupus erythematosuss montres de prestige . Le prix Quand on pense lupus erythematosus mot  «luxe » , on pense tout de suite a  «cher » . Saphia Richou a dot dans son ouvrage  «le luxe dans tous Ses etats » que le produit de luxe est forcement cher et Illinois est cher parce quil est rare et de qualite . Cest La rarete , la production en nombre limite , et la qualite qui rend le produit de luxe distinctif par resonance aux produits de masse. Dailleurs, Illinois faut prendre en compte de la valeur imaginaire de luxe. Dapres Vincent Bastien dans son ouvrage  «luxe oblige » , le prix indique la valeur dechange dun produit, mais Ce qui fait lupus erythematosus luxe est La valeur symbolique. Cela signifie quune trade name de luxe peut demander un prix dautant plus eleve que SA valeur symbolique est plus strong suit. Pour lauteur de la Theorie de la classe de loisir datee de 1899, lobjet de luxe est cher parce que tout Ce qui  «est absolument ravissant est synonyme de pecuniairement honorifique » . Donc sans ce prix eleve , les produits de luxe nexisteraient pas. Le superflu Comme presente dans la definition de luxe,  «Le mot superflu signifie Satisfaire des besoins dont on na pas besoin , et que celui curie nest pas indispensable et quil nest pas un besoin ordinaire de la vie. » . Raconte une histoire 1.3 Les trois cercles du luxe Jean Castarede, dans on ouvrage  «le luxe » , classifie lupus erythematosus secteur du luxe selon trois cercles presentes au dessous: Lupus erythematosus Superluxe accessible a quelques-uns. Dapres Jean Castarede, Les produits sont alors uniques et sur mesure. Par exemple, celui de la haute de coutume, les moyens de transport ( les voiture de luxe, les avions prives.. ) , la joaillerie de luxe, les ?uvre dart. Son Chiffre daffaire estime est de 35,5 milliards deuros . Lupus erythematosus deuxieme cercle est plus abordable, qui sont plutot diethylstilbestrols declinaisons du luxe .Ce cercle correspond aux secteurs traditionnels du luxe. Par exemples, les prets a porter, les bagages, les accessoires, les montres, les stylos. Son Chiffre daffaire Eastern Time de 45 milliards deuros . Lupus erythematosus troisieme cercle correspond aux produits particuliers par resonance aux produits de masse, comme lupus erythematosuss parfums, lupus erythematosuss cosmetiques haut de gamme, les spiritueux de luxe. Son Chiffre daffaire dans le monde Eastern Time environ 98,5 milliards deuros. Beginning:  «Le luxe » , Jean Castarede, 1992, P62 1.4 Les trois niveaux de luxe Danielle Alleres, dans son ouvrage  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , distingue trois niveaux de luxe: Luxe unaccessible, luxe intermediaire et luxe accessible qui letter writer bien aux 3 cercles de Jean Castarede. Je vais retirer lessentiel de Ces definitions pour quon puisse mieux comprendre les specificites de chaque niveau des produits de luxe. * Le luxe inaccessible Le luxe diethylstilbestrols modeles exclusifs, parfois realises a La chief et a lunite . Il correspond a des produits de qualite inegalee et exceptionnelle, rare, voire unique, et precieux possedant une certaine flawlessness de realisation, par exemple, la haute couture de Chanel. Son prix est extremement eleve et sa methode de communicating est tres selective, prestigieuse et intimiste. Le luxe unaccessible utilise beaucoup en hors media les evenements sportifs et culturels et en media une presse tres selective, comme les magazines de mode tres  «select » . * Le luxe intermediaire Le luxe intermediaire est de tres grande qualite mais moins parfait et moins rare que lupus erythematosus luxe unaccessible. Par resonance gold luxe unaccessible, son prix est deja plus accessible mais fait neanmoins lobjet dune reflexion tres poussee. Son cible de consommateurs est plus big par resonance a celui de luxe unaccessible. Daniel Alleres nous a dot que, le luxe intermediaire correspond a une classe sociale intermediaire qui souhaite conserver ses distances par resonance aux autres categories sociales. Les consommateurs de luxe intermediaire souhaitent Se distinguer des autres. * Le luxe accessible Les produits de luxe accessibles sont fabriques en serie et plus rapidement. On peut citer, par exemple, les parfums et lupus erythematosuss cosmetique. Cest un marche tres concurrentiel. Dans ce marche , les consommateurs nont pas suffisamment de connaissances sur lupus erythematosuss produits, par exemple, les fonctions dun produit soin de la peau, ou un nouvel odorat dun parfum, donc Illinoiss sont beaucoup influences par La publicite . La communicating rest sur tous lupus erythematosuss medias. Beginning:  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , Danielle Alleres, P169 207 1.5 Etude de marche du secteur du luxe 1.5.1 Le Chiffre daffaire depuis 2000 Touche par La crise financiere de 2009, le secteur du luxe dans sa globalite a connu une loud recession. Quelle est La taille du marche du luxeactuellement? Si nous prenons le luxe dans sa forme La plus reduite: manner, accessoires y compris La maroquinerie, produits cosmetiques et parfums, vins et spiritueux, etc, les ventes sont de 175 milliards deuros, comme on peut lupus erythematosus constater Sur lupus erythematosus graphique ci dessous. Touchee par La crise financiere de 2008, en 2009, le marche du luxe a chute de 10 % , soit 157 milliards deuros, apres 5 autonomic nervous systems de croissance constante depuis 2003. Cest surtout lupus erythematosus marche europeen qui est plus touche par La crise ; par contre, les Etats-Unis et surtout lAsie sont moins influences. Si nous prenons compte lupus erythematosuss voitures et lupus erythematosuss ocean trips de luxe, la taille du marche serait proche de 250 milliards deuros , selon lestimation en 2007. Ces chiffres nous permettent davoir une idee generale de la taille du marche du luxe. Beginning: Traitement Xerfi Global: donnees primaires beginnings national et Bain A ; Comany 1.5.2 Le marche mondial du luxe par secteur Le marche du vestimentaire represente le Prime Minister section du marche du luxe, soit 32,1 % dans le marche mondial du luxe ( voir lupus erythematosus graphique ) . Influence par La crise financiere de 2009, ses ventes baissent de 15 % par resonance a lannee precedente. Les accessoires diminuent Ses ventes aussi, et Illinoiss representent 18 % du marche . Neanmoins, etant lupus erythematosus luxe accessible, les parfums et lupus erythematosuss cosmetiques resistent bien a la crise Delaware 2009. Beginning: Xerfi 2008 1.5.3 le marche mondial du luxe par geographie Dans sur le graphique ci-dessous, la taille diethylstilbestrols bulles represente la taille proportionnelle du marche du luxe dans differents wages. A travers ce graphique, on peut perceiver, qua cause de la crise, lEurope et lAmeriques qui represente La plus gros du marche ( 70 % ensemble ) , ont connu une baisse importante. Le Japon, quant a lui, continue a reculer depuis 2007. En revanche, lAsie ( hors Japon ) sen kind plutot bien, grace a La croissance diethylstilbestrols ventes provenant de la Chine et de lInde. Dailleurs, le reste du monde ( Moyen-Orient ) a une tendance a augmenter. 1.5.4 Les principaux acteurs du luxe Comme nous pouvons constater dans le tableau au-dessous, aujourdhui, le marche de luxe est domine par des thousands groupes multimarques, comme LVMH, Richemont, et Gucci Group ( PPR ) ; et quelques trade names americaines ( Estee Lauder ) , et Japonaises ( Shiseido ) . Dailleurs, nous pouvons aussi remarquer que Ce sont les entreprises francaises et Italiennes qui dominent le secteur de luxe. Classement des leaders mondiaux du luxe Beginning: Traitement Xerfi Global dapres Operateurs, presse economique et greffes diethylstilbestrols tribunaux de commercialism. LVMH, le leader mondial du luxe, a realise boy Chiffre daffaire de 17,2 milliard deuro en 2008, qui est tres impressionnant. Le groupe a un portefeuille de pres de 60 trade names prestigieuses , y compris Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior, Fendi, Marc Jacobs, Givenchy, Guerlain†¦ses 5 activites principales sont: Vin et spiritueux ( 18,1 % du CA ) Manner et maroquinerie ( 34,8 % du CA ) Parfums et Cosmetique ( 16,6 % du CA ) Montres et Joaillerie ( 5,1 % du CA ) Distribution selective ( 25,4 % du CA ) Le groupe Richemont, le 2nd acteur principal de ce marche , dispose 18 trade names de luxedans 5 domaines: Joaillerie, Horlogerie, instruments decriture, et cuir A ; accessoire et manner ( Cartier, Van Cleef A ; Arpels, Piaget, Lancel, Montblan, Chloe†¦ ) .En 2008, boy Chiffre daffaire seleve 5,4 milliard deuro. Estee Lauder, une entreprise americaine, Shiseido, une entreprise japonaise, et loreal ( produit de luxe ) , une entreprise francaise sont trois entreprises leaders mondiaux de la beaute et de la cosmetique haute gamme. Chapitre 2 La marque de luxe et les strategies marketing 2.1 La marque de luxe La definition de marque de luxe, propose par Michel Chevalier dans son ouvrage  «Management et Marketing du luxe » est quune trade name selective et sole, qui apporte une valeur emotionnelle et creative supplementaire gold consommateur. Danielle Alleres dans son ouvrage  «luxe†¦ metiers et direction atypiques » , a donne La definition dune trade name de luxe. Selon elle, la marque de luxe se distingue diethylstilbestrols marques de consommation courante par boy nom, souvent La marque de luxe prend le nom de son createur dorigine, ses immeubles, dont lupus erythematosuss plus significatifs sont lupus erythematosuss lieux de creation passes ou contemporains, lupus erythematosuss dress shops liees au createur et a la creation de sa maison et de sa trade name, et lupus erythematosuss lieux de fiction , les createurs, lupus erythematosuss creations, produits, objets ou services, les plus importantes, en terme de proposition et daudace artistique ou esthetique, comme lupus erythematosus Parfum N °5 de Chanel , une histoire liee a boy ou a ses createurs successifs, leurs personnalites, leurs battle esthetiques 2.2 Identite de trade name 2.2.1 La definition didentite de trade name Comme tout lupus erythematosus monde lupus erythematosus sait, les grandes trade names comme Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Rolex, Chanel, Peugeot, Lacoste, sont diethylstilbestrols marques fortes qui ont une grande valeur. Une trade name strong suit contribue de facon indicative a la reussite diethylstilbestrols entreprises. Geraldine Michel, dans son ouvrage  « gold c?ur de la marque » presente que pour developper diethylstilbestrols marques fortes, les entreprises doivent mettre en topographic point une gestion strategique de leurs trade names qui implique la definition dune identite de marque riche et claire. Donc quest-ce que lidentite dune trade name? Geraldine Michel a donne SA definition didentite dune trade name:  «lidentite represente La facon dont La trade name veut etre percue, par resistance a limage, qui est La facon dont La trade name est reellement percue par les consommateurs  » . Selon cette definition, on peut deviner que tout dabord, lidentite dune trade name correspond a la facon quelle se ‘raconte aux consommateurs et elle est  «la resultante dans lesprit diethylstilbestrols consommateurs de lensemble diethylstilbestrols caracteristiques de la marque » . les caracteristiques comme le nom de la marque, boy logo, boy prix, sa distribution, SA publicite , lhistoire de boy entreprise. Comme cest une impression tres vaste mais relativement stable par resonance a limage de la marque.  «Cest lidentite qui permet ainsi de guider lupus erythematosuss decisions importantes sur la trade name et qui garantit la coherence diethylstilbestrols diverses actions entreprises dans le temps » . Kevin Lane Keller, Professeur dans  «Dartmouth College » , precise que  « Lidentite de la marque reflete la part de tous lupus erythematosuss elements de la marque a sa notoriete et a boy image  » . How Does Media Today Play a Role in Stereotyping R Essay Luxe intermediaire: Daniel Alleres nomme cette strategie selling doffre demande, qui vise a La fois, a mettre en valeur des produits de grande qualite , a des prix moyennement accessibles, diffuses en quantites limitees, dans des circuits de distribution captifs ou tres selectifs, et promus grace a une communicating restreinte aupres diethylstilbestrols medias lupus erythematosuss plus flatteurs. Luxe accessible: lupus erythematosus marche du luxe accessible est le plus concurrentiel ou diethylstilbestrols consommateurs sont tres sensibles aux produits, et a leur reference, demande, a la fois, la mise en topographic point dune strategie de demande extremement elaboree et une reference permanente a lunivers dappartenance de la marque . Donc le trade name de luxe accessible joue beaucoup sur la publicity et la communicating emergente. 2.4.2 Les strategies marketing de luxe accessibles Luxe accessible outils marketing Segmentation rapport qualite- prix distribution communicating du marche tres etudie selective tres emergente Marketing Marketing amont-aval planetary Dapres Danielle Alleres, Si lupus erythematosus marche du luxe unaccessible exploit SA propre strategie selling ( politique de Relation Exterieures ) , et si le marche du luxe intermediaires possede un selling strategie bien specifique ( Relations Publique ) , le marche du luxe accessible qui necessite une strategie-marketing tres complete et tres elabore .Danielle Alleres a dot que plus la variegation saccroit Sur lupus erythematosus marche du luxe accessible, plus la concurrency augmente, necessitant une excellente cleavage du marche , en vue dune marketing Mix efficace: politique de produit, politique de prix, politique de distribution et politique de communicating . Chapitre 3 La Chine 3.1 Une croissance economique extremement rapide La croissance economique se mesure par laccroissement du produit interieur brut ( PIB ) et de laugmentation de gross moyenne par dweller. En 2009, le produit interieur brut ( PIB ) chinois seleve de 25700 milliards de yuan, soit 3500 milliards deuros, Ce qui signifie que lupus erythematosus PIB chinois depasse desormais de lAllemagne, et donc la chine devenue la troisieme economie mondiale, derriere les Etats-Unis et lupus erythematosus Japon. La croissance chinoise Virginia atteindre 7,5 % en 2009, selon lupus erythematosus communique du Bureau national diethylstilbestrols statistiques. Comme on peut constater dans le tableau au-dessous, le taux de croissance reste plein croissance Ces dernieres annees ( 10 % en moyen ) et en 2008, forty-nine atteint de 11 % . Le PIB par dweller ( voir graphique ) ne cesse daugmente rapidement en chine, Ce qui indique une loud croissance diethylstilbestrols pouvoir dachat des consommateurs chinois. Produit Interieur Brut ( PIB ) Taux de croissance reelle: 11,4 % Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indexmundi.com/fr/chine/produit_interieur_brut_ ( petabyte ) _taux_de_croissance_reelle.html PIB par dweller ( $ ) Chinois Beginning: La banque mondiale 3.2 Le marche de luxe est en plein enlargement en chine Selon une etude de Bain A ; Company en Octobre 2008 Sur les produits de luxe dans le monde, on prevoit que dans les cinq autonomic nervous systems prochains, la croissance annuelle moyenne seleve a 30 % en Chine. Avec laugmentation de revenu et le pouvoir dachat ( plus de 300 000 Chinois disposeraient de revenus superieurs a 1 million de dollars selon Merril Lynch ) , la croissance de la population urbaine, le marche de luxe en Chine est nut plein enlargement et est devenue un marche tres of import autonomic nervous systems dans le monde. Selon une etude Goldman Sachs citee par lupus erythematosus CES, la Chine serait devenue, des 2005/2006 lupus erythematosus troisieme pays consommateur de produits de luxe, depassant 12 % diethylstilbestrols ventes mondiales ( 1 % cinq autonomic nervous systems auparavant ) .La Chine pourrait depasser lupus erythematosus Japon assez rapidement ( des 2015 ) . Influence par La crise nut 2009, le marche de luxe connu une recession. Malgre tout, Asie surtout La Chine reste toujours une zone dynamique pour lupus erythematosus luxe. Pour lupus erythematosus group LVMH, le numero un groupe de luxe, mise Sur la chine pour sortir plus vite de la crise Dapres Nicole Vulser,  « cest lAsie qui a permis damortir leffet de la crise pour LVMH. Malgre une mauvaise public presentation gold Japon la Chine elle seule represente desormais 6 % diethylstilbestrols ventes du group » . LVMH, viens douvrir boy 27er magasins en chine. Les ventes de Cartier en chine est nut pleins croissance aussi, environments 50 a 100 % par an . Bernard Fornas, president de Cartier, a declare que lobjectif de Cartier est douvrir  «55points de vente dune superficie de pas moins de 1.000 m? » en Chine. En 2009, les membres du Comite Colbert affichent 272 dress shops en nom propre reparties dans 38 villes en chine, contre 170 en 2005. Siboni Jonathan ( ESSEC, Sciences Po, La Sorbonne ) , dans son article  «La Chine, nouveau Japon du luxe?  » , a dot que  «avec 12 % diethylstilbestrols ventes mondiales de luxe, la Chine en est deja lupus erythematosus 3e marche ( Derriere les Etats-Unis et lupus erythematosus Japon ) et surtout lupus erythematosus Prime Minister en terme de croissance†¦Ã‚ » Le nouveau tropisme du luxe pour lempire du Milieu nen est qua Ses debuts, dot Nicole Vulser. 3.3 la civilization chinoise, une civilization differente diethylstilbestrols occidentaux  «La civilization chinoise ont aborde linfluence occidentale et la modernite a partir du XIXesiecle et continuent de reagir a la mondialisation » . Bien quaujourdhui nous soyons a lheur de la mondialisation et malgre lemergence et linfluences de valeurs occidentales, la civilization chinoise qui est differente que celle diethylstilbestrols occidentaux reste une civilization specifique. Une civilization collective Professeur Greet Hofstede , qui a ete inspire par lupus erythematosus culturalisme, a effectue une recherche tres connu aujourdhui Sur les culturels specifique de chaque wages. Grace a cette etude, on arrive a perceiver les differences entre lupus erythematosuss pays asiatique comme La chine et les wages occidentaux comme La France, les Etats-Unis etc. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ Comme on peut perceiver dans lupus erythematosuss deux graphiques au-dessus, la chine a un PDI ( Power Distance Index qui indique le pourvoir dun groupe ) beaucoup plus haut que lupus erythematosuss americaines, et lIDV ( individualisme ) beaucoup plus Ba que les americaine. Ce resultat montre quune de difference of import entre la civilization chinoise et la civilization occidentale est lupus erythematosus resonance avec lupus erythematosus groupe. Les chinois sont tres collectifs et les americaine sont tres individualisme . Dans larticle  «How face influence consumption » , lauteur dot que dans cette culturel, lindividu nest pas une entite complete, par exemple, un homme chinois toujours voit lui-meme comme fis, pere, frere, marie, mais rarement comme lui-meme . Dans une civilization collective, Illinois est tres of import dappartenir a un groupe et etre accepte par Ce groupe. Donc les percue diethylstilbestrols autres sont tres of import dans cette societe . Les preoccupations de face Selon Anne Faure Bouteiller dans son ouvrage  «la Chine » ,  «le principe central de la vie en Chine est defini comme la valeur sociale positive quune personne revendique pour elle-meme » .  «Face » dans la langue chinoise est  «mian zi » , qui est tres of import pour lupus erythematosuss chinois. Il est difficile de leur comprendre sans tenir compte le role de  «main zi » dans la societe chinoise. En Chine,  «chaquun consacre United Nations temps et une energie considerables a proteger ou accroitre SA propre face, ainsi que  «face familiale, et egalement a etre attentif a ne pas affecter celle diethylstilbestrols autres » . Les chinois protegent leur face, et meme temps, donnent de la face aux autres. En Chine, presque tout lupus erythematosus monde affronte les inquiries liees a face tous lupus erythematosuss jours, y compris lupus erythematosuss salutes, shopping, invitation, etc. cependant au Etats-Unis ou dans autres wages occidentaux, les names sont moins familiers avec cette construct. En chine, sous La pression sociale, les names sont plus sensibles a sa place sociale superieure, inferieure ou egale, par resonance aux autres. Par consequence, les chinois font plus de attending a la  «face » , et ne veulent pas perdre  «face » devant les autres. En outre, les chinois sont sous La pression pour repondre aux attentes diethylstilbestrols autres pour maintenir leur face. En Chine,  «la face peut avoir autant de valeur que la vie » , dot Anne Faure Bouteiller. 3.4Les impacts des civilizations chinoises sur leurs comportements dachat Comme presente au-dessus, le marche de luxe en Chine est nut plein enlargement. La inquiry on sest pose est que avec leur gross comparativement plus faible que lupus erythematosuss pays occidentaux, pourquoi lupus erythematosuss consommateurs chinois possedent un  «bon appetit » pour lupus erythematosuss produits de luxe? Que Ce que leur motive dachat pour lupus erythematosus luxe? Comment les civilizations chinoises influencent leurs comportements dachat? Les consommateurs chinois et occidentaux peuvent acheter les meme produits, mais pour lupus erythematosuss raisons differents, en raison que leur comportements sont fortement influence par les differents valeurs et les civilizations. Plus concretement, selon ZHOU et BEL, la impression de  «face » est une civilization qui influence Sur les comportements des gents, et particuliere Sur les civilizations corporate . Cest une explication que les consommateurs chinois meme asiatique ont un tres bonne appetit pour lupus erythematosuss produits de luxe. Les produits de luxe occidentaux est une facon de se montrer et maintenir La  «face » . Julie Juan Li et Chen Ting Su dans leur article  «How face influence consumption » , a defini  «face consumtion »comme La consommation qui est pour objectif de maintenir ou ameliorer La  «face » . Ils ont resume trois caracteres pour  «face consumption » :  «Obligation » ,  «Distinctiveness » et  «Other orientation » . *  «obligation » . En raison de la meaning sociale, les chinois doivent maintenir ou sauver la face devant les autres. lorsquaujourdhui, la consommation est un moyen et un outil pour Se montrer boy classe sociale, maintenir et sauver la face. Un consommateur chinois na pas dautre choix et est accommodator dimiter la  «face consumption » du groupe gold quel Illinois appartient. Sinon cette personne Virginia perdre la face devant boy groupe et aussi faire perdre la face de son groupe devant les autres groupes. Par exemples, si La plus diethylstilbestrols names dans son group ont achete tel ou tel produits, forty-nine se sent accommodator dacheter Ce produit aussi pour maintenir sa face et aussi rester coherent avec boy groupe . *  «Distinctiveness » . Pour la  «face consumption » , les produits doivent etre soit les produits de grandes trade names ou soit lupus erythematosuss produits plus chers que lupus erythematosuss autres produits quils consomment quotidiennement pour maintenir la face. Autrement dot, les produits qui maintiennent la face doit etre distinctive, soit par La trade name reputee ou boy prix eleve . Donc les consommateurs chinois sont prets a remunerator plus cher pour lupus erythematosuss produits qui peuvent maintenir La face . Ce caractere sexplique pourquoi les produits de luxe se vendent tres bien en Chine et sexplique aussi un jeune chinois Virginia acheter un pouch de 1000 ˆ avec seulement 400 ˆ de gross mensuel. les produits de luxe satisfaites tout leur besoins de maintenir leur  «face » . *  «Other orientation » . Vue limportance de la  «face »en Chine, quand on maintient La  «face » pour soi-meme, forty-nine faut faire attending aussi a la  «face » des autres et montre les respects aux autres. En consequence, pour  «face consumption » , la consommation pour les autres, par exemple, les cadeaux, les valeurs des produits sont bien jugees sils sont coherant avec leur  «face » . Julie Juan Li et Chen Ting Su conclurent que les comprehensions de ce  «face consumption » sont tres importantes pour lupus erythematosuss entreprises occidentales qui souhaitent reussir en Chine. Premierement elles peuvent comprendre les produits que lupus erythematosuss consommateurs preferent. Par exemple, ils peuvent Se positionnent leur produits qui donnent  «face » aux consommateurs chinois. En plus, pour lupus erythematosuss grandes trade names offerts par des entreprises occidentales, par exemples les cosmetique de luxe, ou les produits haute technologie qui sont percu maintenir La  «face » , les consommateurs chinois sont prets a remunerator un prix eleve malgre leur relativement faible gross. Donc ces entreprises pourraient dadopter une strategie de prix dans le marche chinois. Dailleurs, comme lupus erythematosuss consommateurs chinois sont plus susceptibles detre influences par les membres du groupe quils appartiennent, les strategies de communicating peuvent aussi tenir compte a cette civilization, en faisant La publicite qui favorise a maintenir La  «face » . 1.4 Concentration Sur diethylstilbestrols parfums et cosmetiques de luxe en Chine Le marche cosmetique se partage en cinq thousands domaines: le soin de la peau, les produits capillaires, le maquillage, les parfumes et lupus erythematosuss produits de toilette. Comme on peut constater Sur lupus erythematosus graphique 1, le marche cosmetique a connu une croissance moyenne annuelle Sur les 15 dernieres annees de + 4,5 % , hors effets monetaires, avec des taux de patterned advance allant de + 3 % a + 5,5 % environ, selon lupus erythematosuss annees. Le marche du cosmetique est lun diethylstilbestrols rares marches a avoir Eu une croissance continue sur plus de 41 autonomic nervous systems. Touche par La crise financiere de 2008, le marche diethylstilbestrols cosmetiques est ralenti, mais sa croissance globale est encore positive dans un environnement difficile. Le marche cosmetique est bien resistant face a la crise. En 2008, le marche cosmetique mondial a atteint 110,3 milliards deuros . Jean-Paul Agon, directeur general de lOreal se veut rassurant  « lupus erythematosus marche cosmetique a toujours demontre une capacite de resistance en temps de crise  » . Quelles sont lupus erythematosuss previsions pour lupus erythematosuss prochaines annees?  «Le marche , malgre le climat economique degrade , va plutot bien sen sortir. En 2010, les ventes de parfums et cosmetiques devraient froler La barre diethylstilbestrols 7 milliards deuros » . Selon La prevision du marche diethylstilbestrols cosmetiques par loreal, en 2020, avec laccroissement diethylstilbestrols populations, lupus erythematosuss migrations national, et laugmentation diethylstilbestrols gross dans la plus portion diethylstilbestrols pays emergents, les frontieres de Ce marche sera redessine qui sera plus vaste et planetary. Il continue a croitre dans les wages lupus erythematosuss plus developpes, mais surtout dans les pays emergents, comme en Bresil, en Inde et en Chine. 1.4.2 Le marche diethylstilbestrols parfums et diethylstilbestrols cosmetiques de luxe en Chine Vincent Bastien Jean-Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige » , p53 Vincent Bastien Jean-Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige » , p53 Michel GODET,  «le luxe dans tous Ses etats » Saphia Richou Michel Lombard «le luxe dans tous Ses etats »1999 Bernard Carry,  «Le luxe peut etre cher, mais est-il toujours rare?  » Saphia Richou Michel Lombard «le luxe dans tous Ses etats »1999 Vincent Bastien Jean-Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige » , p236 Saphia Richou Michel Lombard «le luxe dans tous Ses etats »1999 Michel GODET,  «le luxe dans tous Ses etats » Beginning: Xerfi 2009  «Le luxe » , Jean Castarede, 1992, P62 Beginning: Xerfi 2009 Beginning: Xerfi 2009 Michel Chevalier Gerald Mazzalovo, Management et Marketing du Luxe, p33 Beginning: Xerfi Global ; donnee primaires Bain A ; Company, donnees 2008 Beginning: Xerfi 2008 Beginning: XERFI: lupus erythematosuss groupes de luxe dans le monde, September, 2009 Beginning: LVMH, resonance financere 2008, exercice clos le 31 decembre Beginning: XERFI: lupus erythematosuss groupes de luxe dans le monde, September, 2009 Michel Chevalier Gerald Mazzalovo,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » Danielle Alleres,  «luxe†¦ metiers et direction atypiques » Danielle Alleres,  «luxe†¦ metiers et direction atypiques » Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , 2004, P42 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , 2004, P42 Definition selling, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.definitions-marketing.com/Definition-Identite-de-marque Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P42 Francoise Montenay,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p178 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P43 Michel Chevalier Gerald Mazzalovo, Management et Marketing du Luxe, p185 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P43 Vincent Bastien Jean Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige » , p160 Vincent Bastien Jean Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige »,162 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P43 Michel Chevalier Gerald Mazzalovo,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p186 Vincent Bastien Jean Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige »,162 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P53 Francoise Montenay,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p109 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P54 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P55 Geraldine Michel,  «Au c?ur de la marque » , P55 Francoise Montenay,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p109 Catherine Veille ,  «luxe et creation de marque » , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ipsos.fr/CanalIpsos/articles/1751.asp Francoise Montenay,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p111 Vincent Bastien Jean Noel Kapferer,  «luxe oblige »,2008, 162 Francoise Montenay,  «Management et Marketing du luxe » , p109 Vincent BASTIEN, Jean-noel kapferer  «luxe oblige » 2008 Vincent BASTIEN, Jean-noel kapferer  «luxe oblige » 2008 Lart du selling, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lesechos.fr/formations/marketing/articles/article_10_7.htm Dubois B. ( 1992 ) , Comment surmonter les paradoxes du selling du luxe? DUBOIS, Bernard. 1992, Comment surmonter les paradoxes du selling du Luxe? , Revue francaise de Gestion, Vol. 18, N °76 Lart du selling, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lesechos.fr/formations/marketing/articles/article_10_7.htm Lart du selling, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lesechos.fr/formations/marketing/articles/article_10_7.htm Lart du selling, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lesechos.fr/formations/marketing/articles/article_10_7.htm Vincent BASTIEN, Jean-noel kapferer  «luxe oblige » 2008 Vincent BASTIEN, Jean-noel kapferer  «luxe oblige » 2008 Isabelle Barberis,  «les nouveaux paradoxes du luxe »  «Les vetement de luxe pour enfant » , Bordier Camille et Fahmy Amr, HEC Danielle Alleres,  «luxe, metiers et direction atypiques » , 1992, p56 Danielle Alleres,  «luxe, metiers et direction atypiques » , 1992, p56 Danielle Alleres,  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , 1992, P177 Danielle Alleres,  «luxe, metiers et direction atypiques » , 1992, p56 Danielle Alleres,  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , 1992, P179 Danielle Alleres,  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , 1992, P179 Danielle Alleres,  «LUXE†¦.Strategies Marketing » , 1992, P179 Le luxe: acteurs et marche , janvier 2009, agence regional dinformation strategique A ; technologique de Paris Le luxe: acteurs et marche , janvier 2009, agence regional dinformation strategique A ; technologique de Paris Nicole Vulser,  «le monde » , 8 fevier 2009 Le Monde ; 1/28/2009 Trends-Tendance, 16 octobre 2008 Rapport annuel de Comite Colbert 2009  «Laccession de la Chine a lOrganisation mondiale du commercialism: lupus erythematosuss regles Internationales et lupus erythematosuss barrieres culturelles internes » dans Lettre de lAntenne franco-chinoise, Janvier 2006 Hollandais, ne en 1928, professeur danthropologie diethylstilbestrols administrations et de direction international a lUniversite de Limburg a Maastricht ( Pays-Bas ) et directeur de lInstitut de Recherche Sur La Cooperation Interculturelle ( IRIC ) de lUniversite de Tilburg Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com Julie Juan Li et Chen Ting Su  «How face influence consumption » 2007, P239 Anne Faure Bouteiller,  «la chine » , 2005, P42 Anne Faure Bouteiller, A ; la

Rostow and Gunder Frank Essay Example

Rostow and Gunder Frank Paper This essay will try to discuss the factors which led to the rapid industrialisation of Japan. It will give a historical perspective including the Meiji restoration, World War two, Korean War and the OPEC oil crisis in the 1970s. These were four of the most important factories involved in the economic and industrial evaluation of Japan. From this point the essay will explain in depth the theories of the original sociological thinkers Marx, Weber and Durkheim. These theories are the under pinning for modernisation and underdevelopment theories of Rostow and Gunder Frank. After this, the religious ideas and beliefs will be discussed at length including Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Webers protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism. Lastly, the Japanese managerial process will be explained in relation to the organisation and the individual worker. After many years of conflict between the shogunate and the divine emperor, the shogun offered his resignation to the emperor Meiji. Imperial rule had been restored and the era known as the Meiji restoration had begun. The restoration was the period between 1868 and 1912, it signalled the point in history where Japan left its feudal roots and began the road to industrialisation. The process of change was major and started with the abolition of many Japanese cultural, military and class institutions. The abolition of the Shogunate, Tokugona regime resembled a feudalist form of society. The restoration could be likened to a bourgeoisie revolution, not led by the farm workers and working classes, but the aristocracy. Samurais became the new power in Japan. Next was the abolition of the Daimyo, Japan became centralised and the Hans were abolished. We will write a custom essay sample on Rostow and Gunder Frank specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rostow and Gunder Frank specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rostow and Gunder Frank specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Samurais already trained in bureaucracy, classics and warfare took over as administrator. The four level class system was removed; this meant all citizens were equal in the eyes of the law. Institutions of centralised rule and centralised bureaucracy were set up, this would include the promise of parliamentary democracy, officially the emperor was the ruler but a group of young Samurai would look after matters of the state. State education was put into practice in 1890, less than 50% of children were in education by 1910 and once fees were abolished, it was 100%. Some students at this time were sent to universities in the west to learn modern technologies, but would also learn some of the problems that faced western nations like class structures and revolutionary struggles. State directed industrialism was used, all built from scratch and heavily subsidised through tax until profitable. Japan entered World War Two on the side of Germany; this was in anticipation that the Japanese could build a bigger empire in Asia following British defeat. They attacked the US navy base in Pearl Harbour, this mistake made the United States enter the war. This lead to two nuclear weapons being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the 6th and 9th of August 1945. By the end of the war Japanese industrial production was less than 30% of pre war levels, Japan had lost all its empire and its cities were reduced to rubble. The American General McArthur invaded Japan and began the process of industralisation and change for the second time in Japans history, Japan could now start rebuilding from scratch with the help of America and its money. All military leaders were put to death, while the emperor was spared to keep the Japanese public in order. The Korean War had a major influence on the reconstruction of the new Japan. Following World War two and the Japanese defeat, the American forces pulled out of South Korean to concentrate on Japan. The communist block countries of Russia and China saw this as a sign of weakness in the capitalist west. Russia and China backed North Korean in an invasion on South Korean. President Truman alone, with General McArthur used the forces that were based in Japan to repel the invasion. The war lasted just three years, but over five million people were killed. As Japan was close to Korea and already occupied by the American forces, its economy and industry benefited from the American war effort. In October of 1973 Middle-eastern OPEC nations stopped exports to the US and other western nations. This was meant to punish the western nations that supported Israel, in the Yom Kippur War, but they also realised the strong influence that they had on the world through oil. The Arabs began to ship oil to Western nations again, but this time at inflated prices. One of the long-term effects of the embargo was an economic recession throughout the world. The era of economic growth, which had been in effect since World War two had now ended. For Japan this was a major problem, most of its new industries were heavily dependant on oil. It was at this time in its history that it left heavy industrial manufacturing and started to develop new high technologies for export instead. The sociologist Emile Durkheim was preoccupied with the changes transforming society in his life time; he was particularly interested in social and moral solidarity. This being that what holds society together and what stops it descending in to anarchy. Durkheims theory on social change argued that with the advent of the industrial era, society was going through a major change. Society was changing from simple to more complex way of life. Durkheim contrasted two types of solidarity, mechanical (simple) and organic (complex) which was related to the division of labour in society. Traditional societies have a low division of labour, thus is characterised by mechanical solidarity. Because most of the members of the society are involved in very similar occupations, they are bounded together by common experience and shared beliefs. The strength of these shared beliefs is repressive and the community swiftly punishes anyone who challenges the conventional ways of life. Mechanical solidarity is grounded in consensus and similarity of belief. As industrialisation takes hold, the mechanical solidarity that people have starts to fade and is replaced by organic solidarity. The specialisation of tasks and the increasing differentiation in advanced societies would lead to a new order featuring organic solidarity. As the division of labour expands, people become more dependant on one and other because each person needs goods and services that those in other occupations supply. Relationships of economic and mutual dependency come to replace shared beliefs in creating social consensus. Max Weber sought to understand the nature and causes of social change and unlike Marx he rejected the materialist and class conflict (which will be discussed later) of social change. He argued that human motivation and ideas were the forces behind social change. Ideas, values and beliefs have the power to bring about change to society, and the individual has the ability to act and shape their future. With the emergence of modern society came major shifts in patterns of social action. Individuals started to move away from the traditional beliefs supported by religion, custom and habit and increasingly engaged in rational, instrumental calculations that took into account efficiency and future consequences. The development of science, modern technology and bureaucracy was described by Weber as Rationalisation. Giddens (2001) states that this is the organisation of social and economic life according to the principles of efficiency and on the basis of technical knowledge. In Webers view, the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism were proof of a large shift towards Rationalisation. Weber saw the scientific quality of the west as one of its most distinctive traits. Moreover, bureaucracy expands with economic and political growth, and is seen to be the most effective way of organising large numbers of people. The economist Walt Rostow designed a model that suggests that the development of human society to be both be a process of evolution, and to possess an inner logic, which leads societies towards Modernisation. His work is based on the idea that development can happen in five stages. The first stage is called traditional society; this is feudal societies based primarily on agriculture production. These societies are constrained by the limited technology on which agriculture is based. However, feudal societies do contain within them the ability and potential for further development. The second is the transitional stage or precondition for take off. The important preconditions include increases in scientific and technological discoveries which are used to improve the production process. Secondly, there develops a group of individuals who see the advantages in investment in factory production. At this state of the development Rostow said that there is a growth of lateral relations of world trade between nations, and finally the growth of the modern state which uses rational ideas. The third is called the take off stage, this happens to different countries at different times in history. In this way the unevenness of the process is pinpointed as being important, for example because England was one of the first countries to modernise it lead the way for others to follow.

Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English

Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as Jan. for January. The abbreviated form of the word abbreviation is  abbr. - or, less commonly, abbrv. or abbrev. In American English, many abbreviations are followed by a period (Dr., Ms.). In contrast, British usage generally favors omitting the period (or full stop) in abbreviations that include the first and last letters of a single word (Dr, Ms). When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, a single period serves both to mark the abbreviation and to close the sentence. Linguist David Crystal notes that abbreviations are a major component of the English writing system, not a marginal feature. The largest dictionaries of abbreviations contain well over half a million entries, and their number is increasing all the time (Spell It Out, 2014). Here are some common examples of variousl types of abbreviations: AcronymBackronymCommonly Confused Latin Abbreviations in EnglishCommon Revision Symbols and AbbreviationsCommon Scholarly AbbreviationsE.g. and I.e.Etc. and Et al.InitialeseInitialismLogograph Etymology Abbreviation comes from the Latin word brevis meaning short. Examples and Observations In general, spell out the names of government bureaus and agencies, well-known organizations, companies, etc., on first reference. In later references, use short forms like the agency or the company when possible because handfuls of initials make for mottled typography and choppy prose.Abbreviations may be ironic, humorous, or whimsical: for example, the rail link between the town of Bedford and the London station of St. Pancras is locally known as the Bedpan Line; a comparable link for Boston, New York, and Washington is the Bosnywash circuit. Comments on life may be telescoped into such sardonic packages as: BOGSAT a Bunch Of Guys Sitting Around a Table (making decisions about other people); GOMER Get Out of My Emergency Room (said by physicians to hypochondriacs); MMMBA Miles and Miles of Bloody Africa (an in-group term among people who have to travel those miles); TGIF Thank God Its Friday (after a particularly hard working week).AbbrevesToday, the fave (for favorite’) abb reves are obvi (a shortening of Thank you, Captain Obvious’) and belig (a clipping of belligerent, retaining the soft g). Nobody in the young-barflies crowd orders the usual’; it’s the yoozh. My grandnephew Jesse concludes sentences with whatev, which is probs (for probably’) whatever. In this cacophony of abbreves, word endings are scattered all over the floor. Go fig. Totes include for at,  Ã‚ £ for pound, % for per cent, and for plus. The ampersand, , is one of the oldest. It is a collapsed version of the Latin word et, and: the bottom circle is whats left of the e, and the rising tail on the right is whats left of the t. Numerals are another kind that we read as 1, 2, 3, etc. as one, two, three... And it is part of the business of learning to read and write to know when we should write words in their logographic form and when to spell them out. Sources A. Siegal,  The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 1999 Tom McArthur,  The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992 William Safire, Abbreve  That Template.  The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 2009 Jeff Guo, The Totes  Amazesh  Way Millennials Are Changing the English Language.  The Washington Post, January 13, 2016 David Crystal,  Spell It Out. Picador, 2014

Meet the People Behind Donald Trumps Popularity

Meet the People Behind Donald Trump's Popularity Many were shocked by Donald Trumps rise to prominence through the 2016 Republican primaries, and even more so by his win of the presidency. Simultaneously, many were thrilled by it. Who are the people behind Trumps success? Throughout the 2016 primary season, Pew Research Center regularly surveyed voters, Republican and Democrat  alike, and produced a series of illuminating reports on demographic trends among supporters of particular candidates, and on the values, beliefs, and fears that drive their political decisions. Lets take a look at this data, which provides an in-depth look at the people behind Donald Trumps popularity. More Men Than Women Through the primaries and as the Republican nominee, Trump was more popular among men than women. Pew found in January 2016 that men among Republican voters had more confidence in Donald Trump than did women, and they found that men supported him more than women when they surveyed voters in March 2016. Once Trump and Clinton officially faced off in the general election, the greater appeal of Trump to men became even more clear, with just 35 percent of women voters aligning with him. More Old Than Young Throughout his campaign, Trump was consistently more popular among older voters than among younger ones. Pew found in January 2016 that Trumps ratings among Republican voters were highest with those  40 years and older, and this trend held true as more voters switched to supporting him in March 2016. Pew also found in their study conducted in April and May 2016 that warmth toward Trump increased with age, and coldness toward him decreased. A full 45 percent of Republicans aged 18 to 29 felt coldly toward Trump, while just 37 percent felt warmly toward him.  Conversely, 49 percent of those aged 30 to 49 felt warmly toward him and 60 percent of those aged 50 to 64 did, as did 56 percent of those over 65 years of age. And according to Pews data, in a face-off with Hillary Clinton, Trump was expected to capture just 30 percent of the vote among those 18 to 29 years of age. The proportion of those who preferred Trump to Clinton increased with each age bracket, but it wasnt until voters passed 65 years of age that Trump got the advantage.   Less Rather Than More Education Trumps popularity was also consistently greater among those with lower levels of formal education. Back in the primary season, when Pew surveyed Republican voters and asked them which candidates they preferred, Trumps ratings were highest among those who had not attained a college degree. This trend remained consistent when Pew surveyed Republican voters again in March 2016  and revealed that  his popularity was highest among those whose highest degree was a high school diploma. This trend bears out in an examination of supporters of Trump versus Clinton as well, with Clinton far more popular among those with higher levels of education. Lower Income Free Trade Trumps greater appeal to those with less rather than more household income is unsurprising, given the statistical relationship between education and income. While he was still competing against other Republican candidates in the primaries, Pew found in March 2016 that Trump was  more popular among voters with  lower income  levels than among those with higher levels. At that time, his popularity was greatest among those whose household income was below $30,000 per year. This trend gave Trump an edge in the primaries, and perhaps over Clinton as well, because there are more citizens living at, around, or below that income level than there are those who live on higher incomes. As compared with those who supported Clinton, Trump supporters are more likely to report that their household income is falling behind the cost of living  (61 versus 47 percent). Even across income brackets for supporters of both candidates, Trump supporters were more likely to report this, outweighing Clinton supporters by 15 percentage points among those whose household income is $30,000 or less, eight points among those in the $30,000 to $74,999 bracket, and by 21 points among those with a household income above $75,000. Perhaps connected to the correlation between household income and support for Trump is the fact that his supporters were  more likely than other Republican voters in March-April 2016 to say that free trade agreements have hurt their personal finances, and the majority (67 percent) say that free trade agreements have been bad for the U.S. Thats a figure that was 14 points higher than the average Republican voter during the primaries. White People and Acculturated Hispanics Pew found in a June 2016 survey of both Republican and Democratic voters that Trumps popularity lies primarily in white people - half of whom supported Trump, while just seven percent of black voters supported him. He was more popular among Hispanic voters than among blacks, capturing the support of about a quarter of them. Interestingly, Pew found though that support for Trump among Hispanics came primarily from English-dominant voters.  In fact,  the  English-dominant  Hispanic electorate was closely split between Clinton and Trump, at 48 percent for Clinton, and 41 for Trump.  Among bilingual or Spanish-dominant Hispanics, 80 percent intended to vote for Clinton and just 11 percent indicated they would choose Trump. This signals a relationship between ones level of acculturation - the adoption of the dominant, mainstream culture - and voter preference. It likely also signals a positive relationship between the number of generations an immigrant family has been in the U.S. and preference for Trump. Atheists and Evangelicals When Pew surveyed Republican voters in March 2016, they found that  Trumps popularity was greatest among those who are not religious, and among those who are religious but do not regularly attend religious services. At that time, he also led his opponents among those who are religious. Curiously, Trump is especially popular  among white evangelical Christians, who overwhelmingly believed that he would do a far better job than Clinton on every issue. Racial Diversity, Immigration, and Muslims As compared with those who supported other Republican candidates during the primaries,  Trump supporters were more likely to believe that greater scrutiny of Muslims living in the U.S. would make the country safer. Specifically, a Pew survey conducted in March 2016 found that Trump supporters were more likely than those who supported other candidates to believe that Muslims should be subjected to greater scrutiny than other religious groups as a method of preventing terrorism  and that Islam  is more likely than other religions to encourage violence. At the same time, the survey of Republican voters found a strong and consistent anti-immigrant sentiment among Trump supporters. Those who backed him in March 2016 were only half as likely as other Republican voters to  say immigrants strengthen the country, and they were far more likely to favor building a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border (84 percent versus 56 percent among other Republican voters). As one can deduce from these findings, the majority of Trump supporters view immigrants as a burden to the country, see them as a threat to U.S. values,  and favor the expulsion of undocumented immigrants. Consistent with these findings, Pews April-May 2016 survey also found that the heavily older, white male fanbase of Trump believed that the growing racial diversity of the nation, which will make the population a majority of racial minorities, is bad for the country. Trump Will Make America Great Again Trump supporters have high expectation for their candidate. A Pew survey conducted between June and July 2016 found that the majority of Trump supporters believed that as a president he would make the immigration situation a lot better, and even more believed that he would improve it a little. Together, that means 86 percent of Trumps supporters believed that his policies would improve immigration (presumably by lessening it). They also overwhelmingly believed that a Trump presidency would make the U.S. safer from terrorism and improve the economy. But They Do Not Actually Like Him Fewer than half of Trump supporters ascribed any positive traits to their chosen candidate, according to a June-July 2016 Pew survey. Very few consider him well-informed or admirable. Only a minority expected that he would be willing to work with those he disagrees with, that he could unite the country, and that he is honest. They  did,  however, feel that he has deeply-held  beliefs  and that he is extreme. The Big Picture This set of facts, culled from a series of surveys conducted by one of the U.S.s most respected public opinion research centers, leaves us with a clear picture of those behind Trumps rise to political prominence. They are primarily white, older men with low levels of education and income. They believe that immigrants and free trade deals have harmed their earning power (and theyre right about the free trade deals), and they prefer an America in which white people are the majority. Trumps worldview and platform ​seem to resonate with them. Yet, following the election, exit poll data shows that Trumps appeal was far broader than polling and voting during the primaries suggested. He captured the votes of the vast majority of white people, regardless of age, class, or gender. This racial  division in the electorate further played out in the ten days following the election, when a surge of hate crimes, fueled by an embrace of Trumps rhetoric, swept the nation. Sources Doherty, Carroll. A Wider Ideological Gap Between More and Less Educated Adults. Pew Research Center, April 26, 2016. January 2016 Political Survey. Pew Research Center, January 7-14, 2016. June 2016 Voter Attitudes Survey. Pew Research Center. March 2016 Political Survey. Pew Research Center, March 17-26, 2016.

The Economic Impact of the Loughor Marine Lake Development Essay

The Economic Impact of the Loughor Marine Lake Development - Essay Example The tidal lake waterfront would create opportunities for leisure activities such as sailing and boating.   Generation of electricity for the use in the development area is also included as a part of the master plan.  Ã‚   The project is expected to act as a catalyst for the economic development of the region benefiting Llanelli and Swansea as well.     The employment opportunities arising out of the project will benefit the community in Swansea and the surrounding areas such as Port Talbot, Neath, Llanelli, parts of Lliw Valley and the District of Dinefwr. The mobility on account of tourism, leisure, and other related activities would create an excellent climate for the business and trade development in the region as a whole in the long term. The long-term jobs created will be in Manufacturing and Commercial sector.   The second major sector will be Services covering retail, wholesale, distribution, personal services, tourism, and leisure.   It is proposed to construct 250,000 Sq. feet area for commercial purposes in the development project. The consortium’s interest in obtaining grants from Europe under the European Regional Development Fund for which tourism is seen as a prime means of economic regeneration.   Weaknesses and shortcomings of the project are also analyzed in this paper.   The study also covers recommendations for a comprehensive strategy to develop the region as an economic hub and a tourism spot of national importance and recommended a program of implementation.   The study analyses and reports the project in terms of its scope, limitations or shortcomings, and arrive at general conclusions and give recommendations for a comprehensive strategy for the development of the project and implementation of the program.   The Master Plan of the Marine Lake Development consists of two independent and related projects. The first one is related to infrastructure development.

How can the efforts of temperance movement in response to alcohol be Essay

How can the efforts of temperance movement in response to alcohol be explained - Essay Example During the Victorian era this movement became more drastic, campaigning for legal prohibition of alcohol rather than promoting moral suasion or calling for moderation. All in all, its efforts were perceived in both progressive politics especially female suffrage and religious renewal. Band of Hope, a temperance movement, was founded in Leeds with the working class being their centre of attention. They strived to keep away children of the working class from the dangers of alcoholism. In 1851 there was a success in banning or restricting the selling of alcohol in various parts of the U.S (Nugent, 2011). The prohibitionists formed different organizations inside the movement to address the problem of alcoholism from all perspectives. The anti-saloon league concentrated on creating dry counties and dry states away from alcohol. Moreover, the movement began to look for alternative places to hold their meetings thereby replacing the roles of public bars. Therefore, they introduced coffee pa laces, temperance halls, temperance theatre and temperance fountains where individuals could reliably get drinking water instead of having to get into the saloons. The movement began to nominate candidates for government offices and forming political parties thus producing leaders who supported the ban of alcohol. All in all they believed that taking alcohol was a deviant, moral and offset to Christianity (Nugent, 2011). The temperance movement advocated for its views with mounting stridency with which could not be of comparison to the use of mass media at the moment in terms of response, commitment and scope. The government of United States has identified alcoholism to be its leading drug problem. Consequently, it initiated some tools to promote more self control. The major tool is higher excise tax which inflates the prices on alcoholic beverages (Sartor, 2013). This helps promote standards of living and public health. Other successful control measures are heavy penalties for driv ing under influence of alcohol, minimum purchasing age to deter underage citizens from abuse, privatization in retail alcohol sales dram-shop liability and limitations on alcohol advertising. Privatization has proved to be effective in controlling sales of alcoholic beverages hence commercial retailing of these beverages is made possible. Never the less, the government also amended the constitution in1919 to prohibit the transportation, sale or manufacture intoxicating liquors. Efforts of temperance movement and the U.S response to alcohol explained in terms of racial prejudice Temperance movement gained more recognition in women suffrage after the seventeenth Amendment. This amendment created a new reliable workforce with prejudice to German-Americans together with their breweries which made ban of alcohol a patriotic cause. Moreover, prohibitionists clamored to make alcohol abuse directed to common racial prejudices thereby convincing others to ban alcohol (Nugent, 2011). The anti -saloon league in the temperance movement portrayed Catholics as morally depraved and intellectually inferior as they feared authoritarian orders from Rome would replace their capitalist and democratic principles. Pro-prohibition groups using rhetorical strategies claimed that alcohol influenced African- Americans to commit serious crimes. The

Prejudice vs Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Prejudice vs Discrimination Essay Typewrite a 1 ? to 2 page paper comparing and contrasting prejudice and discrimination. Relate the use of stereotyping and racial profiling to prejudice and discrimination. Merriam-Websters Dictionary defines prejudice and discrimination as: Prejudice (1) : injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard of ones rights; especially : detriment to ones legal rights or claims (2) a. (1) : preconceived judgment or opinion (2) : an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge b : an instance of such judgment or opinion c : an irrational attitude of hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics. Discrimination (1) a. : the act of discriminating b : the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently (2) : the quality or power of finely distinguishing (3) a. : the act, practice, or an instance of discriminating categorically rather than individually b : prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action, or treatment The main distinction between prejudice and discrimination is found in Michael LeMays definition of discrimination, where he says Discrimination is applied prejudice. As in the definition above, prejudice is some preconceived notion about an individual, a group, or a race that demonstrate some sort of judgment upon them. This idea of prejudice is usually kept inside of the individual, so as to have a quiet judgment among people. Discrimination, however, is prejudice put into practice. Those who discriminate actively practice prejudice; it is no longer kept inside, but rather openly practiced against the people. Prejudice is best described as an attitude towards a certain group of peoples based solely on their membership in that social or ethnic group, whereas discrimination are actions taken against those members, the behavioral manifestation of prejudice. The practices of prejudice and discrimination stem from an individuals perception of a certain group ?these predetermined perceptions of a group usually come from stereotypes of a people, or racial profiling. LeMays definition of stereotypes is this: Oversimplistic and Overexaggerated beliefs about a group, most often acquired second hand. These images are highly resistant to change. Stereotyping often derive from social categorization and the idea of ? in group vs. ?out group. Social categorizations is sort of the lumping or classification of people into groups based on common characteristics among them, while the concept of the ? in group versus the ? out group is based on a ? we vs. ?they view, by Peter Rose. The difference between the two is that in social categorization, the person removes themself from their judgment, whereas in the ? we vs. ?they approach, the person is included among others in their judgment, but those judged are not part of their own majority group. This process of thought views ? we in favorable terms, and ? they negatively. The impact of stereotypes, as I have stated, directly affect the perceptions of a people in a negative light; when we think of those people, these traits come to mind ? when we meet people from this group, we will focus more on those traits and process them before others. Stereotyping affects our social judgments about a group of people: how much we like the person, our mood and attitudes toward the person, as well as our expectations from that person. Racial profiling is not much off from the principles of stereotyping. Racial profiling is the use of race as a consideration in suspect profiling or other law enforcement practices. This ties into stereotyping in that we suspect suspicious activity from a particular race or people based solely on their ethnicity. A common example of racial profiling would be DWB or driving while black. This is the practice of police or other law enforcement officers targeting African Americans for traffic stops because they believe that African Americans are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity (racial profiling, www. ethnicmajority. com). Overall, one could say that one instance leads to another. Stereotyping can lead to prejudice, which can lead to discrimination. Stereotyping fuels prejudice, though people are not willing to admit this ? they will not admit to stereotyping or being prejudiced, nor discriminating, yet all practices and beliefs of these are rampant today.

Significance of the Ghost to William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

Significance of the Ghost to William Shakespeare's Hamlet In Shakespeare's 'Hamlet', the ghost plays a key role in influencing the destinies of the other characters. The ghost is important to the play as it symbolizes both fate and catalyses the plot. It also brings the play into the revenge tragedy genre, which allows foreshadowing to occur and helps the audience, both Elizabethan and contemporary to better understand the play and appreciate it. The late King Hamlet is forced to roam the earth as he was murdered before he could confess to his sins, having to remain in purgatory till his sins are washed from him and he is able to enter into heaven. Hamlet, the tragic hero of the play, and is influenced by the encounter with whom he believes to be his late father, the ghost. Hamlet was both horror-struck and mortified to hear of his father's betrayal. He immediately felt that he must avenge his father and this reveals the role of the ghost, who is able to affect the protagonist. Hamlet is instructed to punish Claudius, the late King Hamlet's brother and murderer. The ghost reveals that Claudius, by killing his own brother, has committed a, "murder most foul," and deserves to die. Written during the first part of the seventeenth century, the tragic endings of revenge plays were pre-ordained by the church and state expectations. Revenge was deemed acceptable only if the avenger died at the end of the play. Only by dying could someone be forgiven for the immoral and illegal act of revenge. Hamlet is placed in this situation by the ghost, who orders him to act against his conscience, and the diametrically opposed commands paralyze hi... ... that the ghost is simply a convention of Elizabethan drama, but although the ghost motif had been used in many dramas of the period, none appeared so ambiguous as the ghost of King Hamlet. This essay illustrates that here may be many interpretations of the ghost, and that these different aspects may affect our understanding of the play. The dual nature of the ghost is reflective of the dual nature of man. The ghost's ambiguities are essential in heightening the tragic element of the play. In embracing the ghost, Hamlet embraces both good and evil. Bibliography www.vccslitonline.cc.va.us/HamletForum/_hamletforum/000002e8.htm www.clicknotes.com/hamlet/Ghost.html www.culturewars.com/CultureWars/2000/June/hamlet.html www.hf.ntnu.no/engelsk/shakespeare/ham.htm www.findfreeessays.com/show_essay/4873.html

The Hippie Movement and the Beat Movemnt

How the Hippies got hip with the beat of the Beat Movement Jack Kerouac once said, â€Å"the only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a commonplace thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars† (Kerouac 5). Kerouac was the symbol of the Beat Movement.He was the rebellious and adventurous man, who during his time was considered an outcast, but soon later made way for the counterculture of the Hippie Generation. The beats were all about going against social conformity and usual political views (Bennett 340), which mirrored the belief system of the hippies one decade later. This is one of the many reasons why the Beat Movement was the actual beginning of the Hippie Generation and drug epidemic that occurred soon after. The Beat Movement was the main influence on the Hippie Generation and drug epid emic.The Beat Movement consisted of a group of American writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s, influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion. William T. Lawlor called the Beat Movement â€Å"an artistic movement noted for experimentation and a bohemian lifestyle† (Lawlor 70). These individuals involved in the movement believed in spontaneity and utilized this characteristic to go against the average culture of the 1950s and for personal self-expression through literature and art. Many found their inspiration of spontaneity in the urban environments that surrounded them.Robert Bennett stated that Daniel Belgrad, author of The Culture of Spontaneity: Improvisation and the Arts in Postwar America, â€Å"argues that the beats were part of a much larger cultural movement that used spontaneous art to challenge the ideology of corporate liberalism† (Bennett 340). Many of the people associated with the Beat Movement help to create the distinct characteristic s of this movement. Jack Kerouac was one of the main individuals involved with the movement and was the one who coined the term â€Å"beat. â€Å"Beat† was a slang term to describe the â€Å"beaten down† people in America at the time as Kerouac stated in one of his many interviews. Kerouac wrote one of the main works of literature that described the Beat Movement and its people, which was his novel On the Road (Lawlor 72). Another individual involved with the Beat Movement was Jack Kerouac’s good friend Neal Cassady. Cassady made appearances in many of Kerouac’s novels and is known as the symbol of experimentation with drugs and intercourse. Authors Allen Ginsburg and William S. Burrough were also important to the movement.Ginsburg’s novel Howl and Burrough’s novel Naked Lunch are some of the best examples of Beat Literature. The Hippie Generation came into existence soon after the Beat Movement. Hippies were members of the 1960s countercul ture movement who adopted a peaceful and optimistic lifestyle while disagreeing with corporate nationalism and the Vietnam War. The hippies were well known for wanting peace instead of the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Hippies also liked to use bright vivid colors and rebel against the society of America at the time by dropping out of school, taking up different religions, and experimenting with drugs.Hippies were usually Buddhists or Hinduisms and â€Å"†¦sought enlightenment through meditation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chepesiuk 352). Hippie was not the original term for these rebellious people during the 1960s. Michael Fallon, a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle coined the term â€Å"hippie† (Hippies 148). He said that a â€Å"hippie† was short for a â€Å"hipster†, which is someone popular at that point in time. Hippies, like the beats, turned away from middle-class society and were considered outcasts. Hippies were known as â€Å"†¦p eace loving, nonmaterialistic, and nonconformists† (Chepesiuk 351).Many people were involved during the Hippie Generation. Allen Ginsburg, who was also a part of the Beat Movement, was a part of the Hippie Movement. Ginsburg, like many hippies, took part of the anti-war movement and tried to get the United States to back out of the Vietnam War. Bob Dylan, a musician at the time, helped with his partakes in drug usage. Drug use during the 1960s was prominent, which is why the drug epidemic began soon after. The Woodstock Festival was a gathering of many of the people involved in the Hippie Movement designed to bring peace and music together.That did not end up happening. At the festival many riots and fires occurred causing to create havoc and mayhem. This explains why some historians say the festival was the beginning of the end for the hippies. Bennett once stated that â€Å"†¦the Beat Movement†¦powerfully influenced the emerging counterculture of the 1960s by prov iding an early avenue for social protest and experimentation with alternative lifestyles† (Bennett 342). The Beat Movement and Hippie Generation had many similarities between them since one had influenced the other.Both movements began in San Francisco, California and spread throughout the country, influencing people from all over (Lawlor 70; Chepesiuk 351). Both the hippies and beats were influenced by Buddhism and other Eastern philosophies. Jack Kerouac used Buddhist influences in his writing such as the novel Dharma Bums. Hippies meditated and believed in peace instead of agreeing with the war going on in Vietnam. Hippies also took trips to India in search of spiritual truth and also turned to nature. Hippies believed in Karma which is a practice of both Hinduism and Buddhism.Another similarity is the roles in society people played at the time in which they existed. Both were looked down upon. Many Americans disapproved of the lifestyle they chose to live. Both also reject ed authority and the status quo. Hippies felt their best chance at changing society was to drop out of school and the world around them while beats felt traveling around the country would help them defeat the horrors of society. They were both non-materialistic and non-conformists and believed in freedom of expression.Beats showed their expression through literature and art. Both experimented with different drugs and started the drug epidemic which hit in the late 1960s. Allen Ginsburg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti were major figures in the anti-war movements during the 1960s and wrote ‘beat† literature during the 1950s (Bennett 343). Another person was Neal Cassady. Neal Cassady was not only the symbol of the Beat Generation, but he was also the symbol of the Hippie Generation (Beat 36). Although the Beat Movement influenced the Hippie Movement, the two had many differences between them.Since styles often change in quickly, the Beat Generation and Hippie Generation dressed differently. The Beat Generation looked more grungy with scruffy chins and mustaches and worn out clothing, while the Hippies wore bright vibrant colors with peace symbols and had long beards. Music also fluctuates so during the Beat Movement many listened to jazz music because it took place during the big jazz scene (Beat 34), while the Hippie Generation started with rock and roll and vinyl music (Hippies 148), such as Pink Floyd and the Jefferson Airplanes (hippie).The last different between the two movements was the types of drugs they experimented with even though they both influenced the drug epidemic. The Beat Generation experimented and was mainly known for experimenting with marijuana and amphetamines (Beat 35). The Hippie Generation on the other hand, was known for their drug usage with many different types of drugs, such as LSD, marijuana and heroin (hippie). Even though there are many differences, they are all minor while the similarities are major.In conclusion, the Beat Movement did in fact influence the Hippie generation and drug epidemic. Many people oppose to the idea that the Hippie Movement was influenced by the Beat Movement. Some even say that the hippies only came to be around because of the controversy dealing with the Vietnam War. They say that if the Vietnam War did not happen at that time, then the hippies would not exist. The 1960s Counterculture in America states that historian Terry H. Anderson once said that â€Å"the behavior of the [mainstream] culture boosted the counterculture.Without racism, war, and campus paternalism, the population of hippiedom would have been proportionately about the same size as that of the Beats in the postwar society† (Hippies 248). This quote shows that some historians do believe that the Beat Movement did not influence the Hippie Generation. Also, others say that the Hippies came out only to rebel against the generation before them since the 1950s were all about wholesomeness, prudishness and restraint (Bennett 340). Basically, historians only think the movement was a rebellion against all conformity.If either of those oppositions were true, then why are there so many similarities between the two movements? Thus, this means that the hippies were very much influenced by the rebellion and adventure the beats lived and wrote about. In conclusion, the Beat Movement did in fact influence the Hippie Generation and drug epidemic. The Beat Movement was all about going against the social normality’s of the â€Å"leave-it-to-beaver† lifestyle of the 1950s (Bennett 340). They spent their time experimenting with drug use and sexual freedom (Beat 34) and â€Å"many Americans disapproved of the lifestyle these young people lead† (Lawlor 352).The Hippie Movement was much like the Beat Movement due to the numerous similarities these movements share. Since there are so many similarities between these movements, it is accurate to state that the Beat Movement influence d the Hippie Generation and drug epidemic. Works Cited Bennett, Robert. â€Å"Spontaneity, The Beat Generation and the Culture of. †Ã‚  Beat Culture Icons, Lifestyles, and Impacts. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005. 340-44. Print. Chepesiuk, Ron. â€Å"Hippies. †Ã‚  The Sixties in America. Ed. Carl Singleton. Vol. 2.Dasadena: Salem, 1999. 351-52. Print. Hamilton, Neil A. â€Å"Hippies. †Ã‚  The 1960s Counterculture in America. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1997. 148-50. Print. â€Å"hippie. † Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia. 2005. eLibrary. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. New York: Viking, 1997. 5. Print. Lawlor, William T. â€Å"Beat Generation. †Ã‚  The Sixties in America. Ed. Carl Singleton. Vol. 1. Dasadena: Salem, 1999. 70-73. Print. Layman, Richard, ed. â€Å"The Beat Movement. †Ã‚  American Decades 1950-1959. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994. 34-36. Print.